{"id":17671,"date":"2024-04-18T22:48:17","date_gmt":"2024-04-18T22:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ec2-54-86-215-170.compute-1.amazonaws.com\/index.php\/2024\/04\/18\/ayiti-doub-det-endependans-lan\/"},"modified":"2025-07-17T12:56:52","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T12:56:52","slug":"ayiti-doub-det-endependans-lan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/kr\/2024\/04\/18\/ayiti-doub-det-endependans-lan\/","title":{"rendered":"Ayiti, doub d\u00e8t endependans lan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Atik sa a disponib nan kat lang: franse<\/a>, krey\u00f2l<\/a>, angle<\/a>, ak pany\u00f2l<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nan yon lane jou pou jou, sa pral f\u00e8 200 zan depi Baron de Mackau, mesaje Wa peyi Lafrans, ta pral pote bay Prezidan peyi d Ayiti nan ep\u1f78k lan, Jean-Pierre Boyer, \u00d2donans Charles X la nan dat 17 avril 1825.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se yon devwa pou nou, Ayisy\u00e8n ak Ayisyen, pou nou tounen reflechi sou ev\u00e8nman sila ki make listwa peyi nou. Li neses\u00e8 pou nou menm ki la nou byen konprann sa ki te pase nan moman istorik sa epi transm\u00e8t jenerasyon k ap vini yo. Gade sitou zak istorik yo, jan yo te pase.<\/p>\n

Lafrans p\u00e8di koloni l ki te pi rich la nan boulv\u00e8sman ki te genyen nan finisman dizwity\u00e8m sy\u00e8k la, li pa rive retabli lesklavaj, lame endij\u00e8n nan bat lame Napol\u00e9on an, Ayiti deklare Endepandans li k\u00f2m premye epi s\u00e8l peyi ansyen esklav nwa ak k\u00e8k afranchi kreye, ansanm ev\u00e8nman sa yo, ki f\u00e8t nan yon tan tou kout, te inaseptab pou Lafrans ak tout l\u1f78t gwo puisans ewopeyen yo ki te toujou angaje nan trafik esklav ak esklavaj.<\/p>\n

Pandan 21 lane, Lafrans chache apui peyi Lespay, Anglet\u00e8, ak Etazini pou w\u00e8 kijan li te kapab repran kontw\u00f2l ansyen koloni li an. Devan ech\u00e8k demach li yo, li chwazi enpoze peyi d Ayiti yon \u00f2donans kote li ekri\u00a0:\u00a0\u00ab Nou konsede, nan kondisyon sa yo\u2026 bay abitan akty\u00e8l pati frans\u00e8z Sendomeng lan, lendepandans total gouv\u00e8nman yo.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> Non Ayiti pa site nan \u00f2donans la.<\/p>\n

Gen 2 atik ki pral peze anpil sou avni j\u00e8n repiblik nou an. An premye: tout bato oubyen machandiz k ap antre oubyen s\u00f2ti nan peyi Lafrans, pral peye mwatye taks ladw\u00e0n s\u00e8lman. An dezy\u00e8m: \u00ab\u00a0Abitan akty\u00e8l pati frans\u00e8z Sendomeng yo pral peye K\u00e8s Jeneral Depo ak Konsiyasyon Lafrans, nan senk v\u00e8sman menm val\u00e8, ane apre ane, premye v\u00e8sman an dwe f\u00e8t anvan 31 desanm 1825, san senkant milyon fran, pou dedomaje ansyen kolon frans\u00e8 yo ki va reklame yon endemnite.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

Nan dat 3 jiy\u00e8 1825, 14 bato lag\u00e8 chaje ak 528 kanno rive nan p\u00f2 P\u00f2toprens lan. Nan bato sila, Baron de Mackau, sou l\u00f2d Wa\u00a0Charles X\u00a0f\u00f2se Ayiti aksepte kondisyon Lafrans yo anba gwo menas. Se konsa, nan dat 8 jiy\u00e8 1825, Prezidan Jean-Pierre Boyer dak\u00f2 siyen \u00f2donans la paske Lafrans te menase bloke trafik sou lanm\u00e8 oubyen anvayi Ayiti yon l\u1f78t fwa ank\u1f78. Pou peye premye v\u00e8sman an, Ayiti te oblije al prete nan men plizy\u00e8 bank prive nan peyi Lafrans. Se d\u00e8t sa, mete ak pr\u00e8 sa yo, yo rele doub d\u00e8t endependans lan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Nan mwa k ap vini yo, n ap gen pou nou retounen sou ev\u00e8nman istorik ki te pase avan epi apr\u00e8 gouv\u00e8nman Boyer an te siyen \u1f78donans la, nan long 19\u00e8m sy\u00e8k la, ansanm ak analiz istory\u00e8n ak istoryen ayisyen epi etranje ekri sou peryod la.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Nou vle salye Florence Alexis<\/strong>, K\u00f2mis\u00e8 epi Kons\u00e8y syantifik b\u00e8l ekspozisyon ki te f\u00e8t nan Panth\u00e9on, nan vil Paris, nan k\u00f2mansman ane 2024 la, ki te gen tit \u00ab\u00a0 Oser la libert\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb. \u00d2donans Charles X la te ekspoze ansanm ak anpil dokiman istorik sou \u00ab\u00a0Figures des combats contre l\u2019esclavage\u00a0\u00bb. N ap salye tou travay remakab Fondation pour la M\u00e9moire de l\u2019Esclavage \u2013 https\u00a0:memoire-esclavage.org \u2013 ap f\u00e8 san dezanpare. Li te patisipe nan \u00f2ganizasyon ekspozisyon an.<\/p>\n

Pou n ch\u00e8che konnen plis\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Liv\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Bri\u00e8re. Ha\u00efti et la France, 1804-1848: le r\u00eave<\/strong><\/em> bris\u00e9<\/em><\/strong>. \u00c9ditions Karthala, 2008.<\/li>\n
  2. Marcel Dorigny, Jean Marie Th\u00e9odat, Gusti-Klara Gaillard, Jean Claude Bruffaerts. Ha\u00efti-France Les cha\u00eenes de la dette \u2013 Le rapport Mackau (1825<\/em><\/strong>)<\/em>. \u00c9ditions H\u00e9misph\u00e8res, 2021, 201 p.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    T\u00e8ks n ap jwenn sou ent\u00e8n\u00e8t <\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Gusti-Klara Gaillard-Pourchet. La dette de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance d\u2019Ha\u00efti. L\u2019esclave comme unit\u00e9 de compte<\/em><\/strong> (1794-1922)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      https:\/\/heritage.bnf.fr\/france-ameriques\/fr\/dette-independance-haiti-article<\/a><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Gusti-Klara Gaillard-Pourchet. Ha\u00efti-France. Permanences, \u00e9volutions et incidences d\u2019une pratique de relations in\u00e9gales au XIXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lrf\/2844?lang=de<\/a><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Beauvois, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique. L’indemnit\u00e9 de Saint-Domingue: \u00ab\u00a0Dette d’ind\u00e9pendance\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0ran\u00e7on de l’esclavage\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0?<\/em><\/strong> French Colonial History<\/em>, vol. 10, 2009, p. 109-124.\u00a0Project MUSE<\/em>,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/fch.0.0021<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190430033100id_\/https<\/a>:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/266552\/pdf<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Beauvois, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique. Monnayer l’incalculable\u00a0? L’indemnit\u00e9 de Saint\u2011Domingue, entre approximations et bricolage<\/em><\/strong>, Revue historique<\/em>, vol. 655, no. 3, 2010, pp. 609-636.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-historique-2010-3-page-609.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Oosterlinck, Kim and Panizza, Ugo and Weidemaier, Mark and Gulati, Mitu, A debt of dishonor. <\/em><\/strong>(April 30, 2022). Boston University Law Review, vol. 102:1247<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bulawreview\/files\/2022\/05\/OOSTERLINCK-PANIZZA-WEIDEMAIER-GULATI.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

              Piblikasyon nan Lapr\u00e8s ak videyo sou ent\u00e8n\u00e8t <\/strong> :<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. LA RAN\u00c7ON \u2013 THE RANSOM \u2013 RANSON AN<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                par Lazaro Gamio, Constant M\u00e9heut, Catherine Porter, Selam Gebrekidan, Allison McCann et Matt Apuzzo, The New York Times, 20 Mai 2022<\/p>\n

                An frans\u00e8<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Les Milliards Envol\u00e9s<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/fr\/interactive\/2022\/05\/20\/world\/americas\/haiti-france-dette-reparations.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \u00c0 la racine des malheurs d\u2019Ha\u00efti:\u00a0des r\u00e9parations aux esclavagistes<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/fr\/2022\/05\/20\/world\/haiti-france-dette-reparations.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    An krey\u00f2l\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Milya Ayiti p\u00e8di yo<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/ht\/interactive\/2022\/05\/20\/world\/americas\/ayiti-lafrans-esklavaj-dat-enpotan.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Rasin miz\u00e8 Ayiti:\u00a0Reparasyon yo bay M\u00e8t esklav yo<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/ht\/2022\/05\/20\/world\/ayiti-lafrans-esklavaj-etazini.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        An angl\u00e8\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Haiti\u2019s Lost Billions<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2022\/05\/20\/world\/americas\/enslaved-haiti-debt-timeline.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. The Root of Haiti\u2019s Misery:\u00a0Reparations to Enslavers<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/05\/20\/world\/americas\/haiti-history-colonized-france.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            An espany\u00f2l\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. La ‘doble deuda’ con la que Francia ahog\u00f3 a Hait\u00ed en el siglo XIX<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Silvia Nieto, ABC Internacional, 05\/06\/2022<\/p>\n

                              https:\/\/www.abc.es\/internacional\/abci-doble-deuda-francia-ahogo-haiti-siglo-202206050338_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2Fabci-doble-deuda-francia-ahogo-haiti-siglo-202206050338_noticia.html<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              VIDEYO<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u201cLa dette de l’ind\u00e9pendance ha\u00eftienne, un sujet tabou en France\u201d. <\/em><\/strong>Ha\u00efti Inter, 6 juin 2023<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=v_0oqN5hl1o&list=PL6XuTdsJrZQ-9RvBNOZtDJJvkrJ0Pcx-a&index=6<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Thomas Piketty : l’\u00e9conomie en Ha\u00efti<\/em><\/strong>. Emission “\u00c9co d\u2019ici \u00c9co d\u2019ailleurs, RFI, 19 octobre 2019<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_XQcjp_lRbU&list=PL6XuTdsJrZQ-9RvBNOZtDJJvkrJ0Pcx-a&index=5<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Why did Haiti agree to pay reparations to France after the Haitian Revolution ? <\/em><\/strong>Choices programs. 6 oct. 2021, The Haitian Revolution. <\/em><\/strong>Anthony Bogues, Brown University.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ea2PfhCtp2Q&list=PL6XuTdsJrZQ-9RvBNOZtDJJvkrJ0Pcx-a&index=11<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. La multimillonaria indemnizaci\u00f3n que Hait\u00ed le pag\u00f3 a Francia por su independencia<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      \/\/www.youtube.com\/@BBCMundo<\/a>“>BBC News Mundo, 22 mars 2024<\/p>\n

                                      https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HJ-dHYlRj-0&list=PL6XuTdsJrZQ-9RvBNOZtDJJvkrJ0Pcx-a&index=14<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      Atik sa a disponib nan kat lang: franse, krey\u00f2l, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17670,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17671","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nouvel-fokal-diaporama-kr-kr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17671","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17671"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17671\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18342,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17671\/revisions\/18342"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17671"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/betatest.fokal.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}